On the Sunday before Candlemass, in the night, one hundred and thirty citizens, disguised and well horsed, in a mummery, with sound of trumpets, sackbuts, cornets, shames, and other minstrels, and innumerable torch lights of wax, rode from Newgate, through Cheape, over the bridge, ... and so to Kennington beside Lambhith, where the young prince remained with his mother and the Duke of Lancaster
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| Medieval mummers, disguised wearing animal heads and stag's antlers. |
The royal Christmas
celebrations of 1377 have been thought to be quite the gold standard
in holiday affairs by those who study medieval English Christmas
celebrations. Doubtless planned by Gaunt in the first year of his
nephew's minority, they rivaled those of the previous year at Windsor
in which Gaunt's father, Edward III, presented his grandson Richard
of Bordeaux as his intended heir.
Festivities and feasting were reportedly provided for more than
10,000 people, requiring the slaughter and preparation of 28 oxen and 300 sheep.
The good citizens of London seemed to have temporarily put aside their political differences with Gaunt and provided mummers, games & gifts for the entertainment of the boy-king and his entourage, which included the royal courts of his mother, the Dowager Princess of Wales Joan of Kent, and that of his powerful uncle John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, at Kennington Palace.
The good citizens of London seemed to have temporarily put aside their political differences with Gaunt and provided mummers, games & gifts for the entertainment of the boy-king and his entourage, which included the royal courts of his mother, the Dowager Princess of Wales Joan of Kent, and that of his powerful uncle John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, at Kennington Palace.
In the first rank did ride forty-eight in the likeness and habit of esquires, two and two together, clothed in red coats and gowns of say or sandal, with comely visors on their faces; after them came riding forty-eight knights in the same livery of colour and stuff; then followed one richly arrayed like an emperor; and after him some distance, one stately attired like a pope, whom followed twenty-four cardinals, and after then eight or ten with black visors, not amiable, as if they had been legates from some foreign princes...
Kennington Palace
was no courtly backwater; earlier that year, when Gaunt was
experiencing some difficulties and personal affronts from the
Londoners, he was thought to be at his famous Palace of the Savoy
where an unruly mob sought him as well as Henry Percy, Marshall of
England. Gaunt and Percy instead happened to be dining with John of
Ypres at his Inn and, when alerted of the mob, hastily departed by
barge to Kennington where the Princess of Wales and her son Richard
of Bordeaux were residing and were given shelter. Joan of Kent's residence was thus doubtless a luxuriously confortable, if not entirely defensible,
palace and an altogether appropriate place to celebrate the first
Christes' Mass of the boy-king Richard II. It was a place in which, as we've seen above, was a good place in
which to spend the celebratory days of Christmas rife with feasting,
gaming and pageantry. Unfortunately, history has seemingly erased all trace of the medieval palace and the image below cannot be dated to earlier than its presumed 1531 destruction under Henry VIII:
One reason for Christmas feasting and merriment was that it followed Advent, a period during which no animal products were to be consumed, with the exception of fish (which one simply did NOT serve during Christmas as people were sick of it and the host thought the more poorly for it serving), goose (as long as one claimed in good conscience that it was the mythical barnacle goose) and tail of beaver (it was declared sufficiently fish-like as it lived in the water). The hours of daylight were shorter and the cold could be bitterly so. The feasts on Christmas day, however, served to mitigate some measure of all that. Eggs, cheese, milk and meats could be eaten (the boar's head presentation was fairly common throughout the land and even in those areas where there were no boars to eat, it was still traditional to serve up some foodstuff resembling a boar's head). Goose, ox, all manner of other birds, pigs and venison were artfully served at the aristocrat's table, basted and baked with butter and saffron to give a golden hue. The royal even ate swan (The Carmina Burana songs written from a set of 13th century German poems, even contain a humorous entry Cignus ustus cantat about a swan being cooked for dinner which ends somewhat amusingly if ominously with the line, dentes frendentes video). Frumenty, a fruited and spiced grain pottage, was also popular as was mincemeat (actual minced meat with spices) and, well, anything you could do with the meat you could procure.
For
the period between here and Lent people found reason to come together
in food, wine or ale, the warmth of the pagan Yule log, games and the
singing of songs that the church at the time was not particularly
fond of (one can almost see why they would not be enthralled by the
idea of drunken revelers singing non-liturgical songs in their
hallowed grounds). Collectively, these would be the precursors to
the caroling tradition – the joyful, sometimes dancing, probably
always inebriated singing of non-liturgical songs or “carols,”
some of which we may continue to hear in some fashion today.
Also doubtless present at the Kennington celebrations' cosy if prominent royal family affair were Gaunt's family, including his Duchess, Constance, and their daughter Catherine/Catalina; his son and heir Henry; his daughters Philippa and Elizabeth, as well as their governess, Katherine Swynford, and her then-three children by Gaunt, John, Thomas and either Henry or Joan Beaufort, all of whom would have been young children of the approximate age of 5 or less. Also likely present was Katherine's sister, Philippa Chaucer, who had joined the court of Gaunt's Duchess Constance in 1372 (her husband, Geoffrey Chaucer, however, was away this Christmas on the King's diplomatic business) and who had on occasion received from Gaunt luxury items like a silver 'bottler' and a number of buttons.
One reason for Christmas feasting and merriment was that it followed Advent, a period during which no animal products were to be consumed, with the exception of fish (which one simply did NOT serve during Christmas as people were sick of it and the host thought the more poorly for it serving), goose (as long as one claimed in good conscience that it was the mythical barnacle goose) and tail of beaver (it was declared sufficiently fish-like as it lived in the water). The hours of daylight were shorter and the cold could be bitterly so. The feasts on Christmas day, however, served to mitigate some measure of all that. Eggs, cheese, milk and meats could be eaten (the boar's head presentation was fairly common throughout the land and even in those areas where there were no boars to eat, it was still traditional to serve up some foodstuff resembling a boar's head). Goose, ox, all manner of other birds, pigs and venison were artfully served at the aristocrat's table, basted and baked with butter and saffron to give a golden hue. The royal even ate swan (The Carmina Burana songs written from a set of 13th century German poems, even contain a humorous entry Cignus ustus cantat about a swan being cooked for dinner which ends somewhat amusingly if ominously with the line, dentes frendentes video). Frumenty, a fruited and spiced grain pottage, was also popular as was mincemeat (actual minced meat with spices) and, well, anything you could do with the meat you could procure.
Also doubtless present at the Kennington celebrations' cosy if prominent royal family affair were Gaunt's family, including his Duchess, Constance, and their daughter Catherine/Catalina; his son and heir Henry; his daughters Philippa and Elizabeth, as well as their governess, Katherine Swynford, and her then-three children by Gaunt, John, Thomas and either Henry or Joan Beaufort, all of whom would have been young children of the approximate age of 5 or less. Also likely present was Katherine's sister, Philippa Chaucer, who had joined the court of Gaunt's Duchess Constance in 1372 (her husband, Geoffrey Chaucer, however, was away this Christmas on the King's diplomatic business) and who had on occasion received from Gaunt luxury items like a silver 'bottler' and a number of buttons.
Though Gaunt had had his problems with the Londoners and
their disapproval of his handling the affairs of his father in his
dotage and now his nephew in his minority, 1377 had been a good year
for Katherine. Earlier that March she had received confirmation of
Gaunt's grant to her of the Nottinghamshire manors of Gringly and
Whetly, the resources from which may have been used for her
improvement programme at Kettlethorpe, where she may have sometimes
retreated in times of advanced pregnancy (we know, for example, that
Gaunt ordered wine to be immediately delivered to her there in 1379 I believe, and some
of his financial registry entries are dated from Kettlethorpe).
Katherine was secure in her position, both as governess to Gaunt's
daughters as well as his recognized mistress and preferred female
companion. Indeed, these were heady years for her prior to the
tumult of the 1381 Peasant's Revolt and the uncertainty it would
bring to her position at court. But in 1377, at Christmas, she
likely enjoyed family, the mummeries, games, and smells and sights,
good food and the happiness and security of her life near the very
center of the court of the country's largest land owner and richest
magnate and his guys, the young boy-king Richard II and his mother, the widowed Joan of Kent, Princess of Wales.
These masters, after they had entered Kenington, alighted from their horses, and entered the hall on foot; which done, the prince, his mother, and the lords, came out of the chambers into the hall, whom the said mummers did salute, showing by a pair of dice upon the table their desire to play with the prince, which they so handled that the prince did always win when he cast them.
Then the mummers set to the prince three jewels, one after another, which were a bowl of gold, a cup of gold, and a ring of gold, which the prince won at three casts. Then they set to the prince's mother, the duke the earls, and other lords, to every one a ring of gold, which they did also win...
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| Medieval MS illumination of gaming with dice; see http://www.larsdatter.com/games-dice.htm for more information. |
The
playing of various games was another important feature of medieval
Christmas festivities. The 1377 accounts clearly reference various
dice-based games of chance that somehow always ended in the doubtless
delighted nine-year-old Richard II winning. These pre-Christian
activities were to be repeatedly denounced by the church and yet
repeatedly ignored by the populace for a few hundred years.
Participants would bet upon the outcome of the dice thrown, usually
two or three, as in the image above. John of Gaunt had a distinct fondness of high quality luxury goods, one of which was likely the famous "Duchess of Lancaster" ring of intricately-worked solid gold with a prong-set natural blue sapphire, which recently sold at auction for nearly US$70,000.
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| 14th C. Duchess of Lancaster gold ring with sapphire and the blackletter engraving on the inside reading 'Alas but for fate. |
Also
popular quite possibly were the card games which may have come to England by 1377 via thse Castilian companions of the Duchess
Constance, who themselves likely acquired the carding habit from
Spain's Moorish population.
The church wasn't fond of these games, either. A card game named
“naibbe” was forbidden by decree in Florence by May, 1376 and
another card game preached against in Switzerland by a Dominican
friar in Basle in 1377.
But merriment was the order of the day and likely all such games
that were known to the English at the time were played that season at
Kennington.
After which they feasted, and the music sounded, and prince and lords danced on the one part with the mummers, which did also dance; which jollity being ended, they were again made to drink, and then departed in order as they came.
Unlike
today, in which Christmas is a single day of celebration (two at most
if you consider Christmas Eve), Christmas in the high middle ages for
the wealthy was an extravagant series of events lasting for several
weeks from Christmas through 12th
Night, through New Year and to Candlemass in early February.
According to John of Gaunt's extant printed financial Registers and
other sources, the family exchanged the more extravagant gifts on New
Year's rather than on Christmas, as it was the more celebratory
holiday in terms of gift-giving.
John
of Gaunt was particularly magnanimous in his New Year's gifts. We
know, for example, from his 1373 financial accounts, that he spent a
fair amount of money on gifts to his household and that he purchased
his luxury goods from the finest London guild of goldsmiths,
comprising of divers silver-gilt hannaps and divers gold beads
[paternosters] and gold brooches and rings and phials and other
jewels bought from them for us and given away on New Year's Day at
Eltham last year. Indeed, in this Christmas celebration, as stated previously, Gaunt had provided a gift for Philippa
Chaucer, of his wife's court, of a “botoner” and six silver-gilt
buttons; he later in 1381 and 1382 gave her gifts of a covered silver
hanap and two additional silver hanaps.
Gaunt
purchased his luxury gift items from only the best; his favorite
seems to have been the Nicholas Twyford noted in his financial
accounts as well as London record. Nicholas Twyford was most
fortunate in securing the favor of both John of Gaunt as well as the
young Richard II. Twyford was a member of the London Company of
Goldsmiths (a guild), recognized as early as 1327 and having a
membership of 135 by 1368. Twyford himself would become Mayor of
London in 1388 having no doubt distinguished himself in 1377 for the
coronation of the boy-king: “When the royal procession reached
Cheapside where the shops of the goldsmiths were concentrated,
beautiful young ladies showered the ten-year-old monarch with leaves
of gold and presented him with gold cups full of fine wine. A golden
angel descended with a golden crown, which was offered to Richard as
he rode past. The king must have been well pleased with the
spectacle, as well as the guild's generosity, because the entire
pageant was restaged as part of his 1392 royal entry into London.”
John of Gaunt would continue to utilize Twyford's services for a
decade or more to come.
Ahh, and then, there was the food itself. Richard II is notable for many things, including increasing the numbers of women and their roles in the Order of the Garter (Katherine herself would be inducted in 1386/7), and his artistic as well as his culinary interests. The “Forme of Curye,” ca. 1390, is a collection of his court's recipes and provides an interesting insight into what may have been consumed on that Christmas period of 1377 inasmuch as it is a collection of what was likely Richard's favorites. It contains 196 recipes, many of which would appear strange to the modern eye.
Fish, of course, was entirely out of the question. People were likely sick of eating nothing but fish and little else during Advent. Cooking with (mostly imported) spices heightened the dining activity, and known to have been in use are cinnamon, mace, cloves, ginger, pepper, cardamom and nutmeg.17 Honey was likewise more prevalent in use than 'white sugar' as a sweetener, and it was sometimes clarified by boiling it with egg whites. Every manner of bird and flesh animal (any bird that could be caught, deer, rabbits, hens, pigs, cows, boars), when provisioned, would be served, often in sauces that might make some of us wince. Almond milk was used rather a lot, as was wine. Sweets, too, such as marchpane, would be served in curiously devised forms meant to delight the person eating them. For the wealthy, dishes as well as goblets for wine, both domestic as well as imported, would be provided, and the evening would end with people singing, dancing, drinking and, eventually, sleeping.
Christmas
in later medieval England for the non-noble classes, however, was a
somewhat different affair. Certainly, the period was celebrated
albeit in a less luxuriant manner. The period would be amongst the
last feasting days sanctified by the Church, itself perhaps a
grudging admission that there simply wasn't much celebratory
foodstuffs available to the non-noble class in winter. In an age of
no refrigeration and few preservatives, village laborers – who may
have received time off from work – could perhaps expect to share a
hen with another; maybe a whole hen if he or she were really
fortunate. Such persons were welcomed to the local manor, such as
Kettlethorpe, where such a feast would be prepared, together with the
lighting of a Yule log, and Katherine would have presided over the
festivities at the head table as Lady of Kettlethorpe. Each villager
would have been expected to provide his own plate/trencher or use the
supplied bread as a plate to be scooped out and filled with meats and
other savory fare; each was also to supply his or her own firewood
lest s/he receive insufficiently cooked meat as well as a tankard or
other cup. (And, if you wished for a napkin, you were on your own,
although if you brought one, you were sometimes allowed to carry away
any excess food that would fit.) Each was also to be provided with
continued ale or alcohol (some of which ironically could be purchased
at the larger churchyards) and sometimes a bed in which to sleep. It
was good, celebratory, hearty fare, and Katherine's Kettlethorpe
residents no doubt appreciated every minute of the days of feasting.
However, it was nothing like the 300 sheep slaughtered for Gaunt's
spectacular celebration for 10,000 Londoners at Kennington.
Bowers,
John M. The Politcs of Pearl: Court Poetry in the Age of Richard
II., (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2001)
Wintle,
Simon. “A 'Moorish' Sheet of Playing Cards.” The Journal of the
International Playing-Card Society (London), Vol. XV, No. 4, May 1987
'Vintrie
warde', A Survey of London, by John Stow: Reprinted from the text
of 1603 (1908), pp. 238-250. URL:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=60042&strquery=christmas
1377
Royal panoply: brief lives of the English monarchs. Erickson, Carolly
Taylor, Charles. The Literary Panorama.
Vol. 10, p. 1124. (London: 1810).
Chambers,
Robert. The Book of Days: a miscellany of popular
antiquities... Vol. 2, p. 739.
(London: 1832).
Murray,
Alexander, "Medieval
Christmas",
History Today,
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